Fonti utilizzate nella revisione corrente
A.D.A.M. Medical Encyclopedia. Alanine transaminase (ALT) blood test. Updated January 26, 2019. Accessed May 27, 2021. https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003473.htm
A.D.A.M. Medical Encyclopedia. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) blood test. Updated January 26, 2019. Accessed May 24, 2021. https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003472.htm
A.D.A.M. Medical Encyclopedia. Enzyme. Updated February 7, 2019. Accessed May 24, 2021. https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/002353.htm
A.D.A.M. Medical Encyclopedia. ALP – blood test. Updated April 29, 2019. Accessed May 23, 2021. https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003470.htm
American Board of Internal Medicine. ABIM laboratory test reference ranges. Updated January 2021. Accessed May 26, 2021. https://www.abim.org/Media/bfijryql/laboratory-reference-ranges.pdf
American Gastroenterological Association. American Gastroenterological Association medical position statement: evaluation of liver chemistry tests. Gastroenterology. 2002;123(4):1364-1366. doi:10.1053/gast.2002.36060
ARUP Consult. Liver disease evaluation. Updated February 2021. Accessed May 26, 2021. https://arupconsult.com/content/liver-disease-evaluation
Dong MH, Bettencourt R, Barrett-Connor E, Loomba R. Alanine aminotransferase decreases with age: The Rancho Bernardo Study. PLoS One. 2010;5(12):e14254. Published 2010 Dec 8. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0014254
Friedman LS. Approach to the patient with abnormal liver biochemical and function tests. In: Chopra S, ed. UpToDate. Updated June 10, 2020. Accessed May 26, 2021. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/approach-to-the-patient-with-abnormal-liver-biochemical-and-function-tests
Friedman LS. Enzymatic measures of cholestasis (eg, alkaline phosphatase, 5′-nucleotidase, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase). In: Chopra S, ed. UpToDate. Updated September 11, 2020. Accessed May 24, 2021. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/enzymatic-measures-of-cholestasis-eg-alkaline-phosphatase-5-nucleotidase-gamma-glutamyl-transpeptidase
Friedman LS. Liver biochemical tests that detect injury to hepatocytes. In: Chopra S, ed. UpToDate. Updated March 4, 2021. Accessed May 24, 2021. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/liver-biochemical-tests-that-detect-injury-to-hepatocytes
Givler DN, Givler A. Health screening. In: StatPearls. Updated January 20, 2021. Accessed May 14, 2021. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK436014/
Green RM, Flamm S. AGA technical review on the evaluation of liver chemistry tests. Gastroenterology. 2002;123(4):1367-1384. doi:10.1053/gast.2002.36061
Kwo PY, Cohen SM, Lim JK. ACG Clinical Guideline: Evaluation of Abnormal Liver Chemistries. Am J Gastroenterol. 2017;112(1):18-35. doi:10.1038/ajg.2016.517
Lala V, Goyal A, Bansal P, Minter DA. Liver function tests. In: StatPearls. Updated July 4, 2020. Accessed May 26, 2021. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482489/
Lindenmeyer CC. Liver blood tests. Merck Manual Consumer Edition. Updated January 2020. Accessed May 23, 2021. https://www.merckmanuals.com/en-ca/home/liver-and-gallbladder-disorders/diagnosis-of-liver,-gallbladder,-and-biliary-disorders/liver-blood-tests
Lindenmeyer CC. Laboratory tests of the liver and gallbladder. Merck Manual Professional Edition. Updated December 2019. Accessed May 26, 2021. https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/hepatic-and-biliary-disorders/testing-for-hepatic-and-biliary-disorders/laboratory-tests-of-the-liver-and-gallbladder
MedlinePlus: National Library of Medicine. Alkaline phosphatase. Updated July 30, 2020. Accessed May 23, 2021. https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/alkaline-phosphatase/
MedlinePlus: National Library of Medicine. ALT blood test. Updated July 30, 2020. Accessed May 26, 2021. https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/alt-blood-test/
MedlinePlus: National Library of Medicine. AST test. Updated July 30, 2020. Accessed May 23, 2021. https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/ast-test/
MedlinePlus: National Library of Medicine. Comprehensive metabolic panel (CMP). Updated March 2, 2021. Accessed May 26, 2021. https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/comprehensive-metabolic-panel-cmp/
MedlinePlus: National Library of Medicine. Liver function tests. Updated March 4, 2021. Accessed May 26, 2021. https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/liver-function-tests/
Fonti utilizzate nella revisione precedente
2019 Review completed by H.L.Chong, MD, FRSPH, IPFPH, Clinical Scholar, Faculty of Public Health of the Royal Society of Physicians of United Kingdom.
ACG Clinical Guideline: Evaluation of Abnormal Liver Chemistries. The American Journal of Gastroenterology. Volume 112. January 2017.
(Updated June 13, 2019) Sood, G MD. Acute Liver Failure Workup. Medscape Reference. Available online at https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/177354-workup#c2. Accessed August 2019.
McPherson RA, Matthew R, Pincus MR. Henry's Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods. 22nd ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; 2011.